Pornography Does NOT Cause Violence Against Women

Introduction Pornography is a controversial subject all around the world. Part of its appeal is its taboo nature. It has been argued that pornography is harmful. Porn is an underground market that is more or less legal but is it harmful? An article written by Diana E.H. Russell in â€Å"Dangerous Relationships: Pornography, Misogyny, and Rape† argues that it is. Diana E.H. Russell is a sociology professor. She has researched the issue and argues that pornography is profoundly harmful. Professor Russell believes that it inclines men to want to rape women and that it encourages them to act out rape fantasies. However, Michael C. Seto disputes Professor Russells theory that pornography is harmful. Michael Setos article, written with†¦show more content†¦The rapists admitted that they did not see the woman as human until it was too late and some still dont see their crime. They were asked if they believed that women enjoyed being raped. Many would say that wom en cause their own rape because of what they wear or how they act, they believe that most men are innocent of rape. All of the evidence provided was pulled from male rapists or men that proved to be force oriented. Experiments should be done based on healthy, non-rapist individuals, including women. Women view pornography, women are capable of ill thoughts and violence, and women are capable of committing rape. It would seem that there was plenty of evidence provided by Ms. Russell but I do not think that it is adequate to substantiate her theory that pornography is harmful. â€Å"No† Article From the â€Å"No† aspect written by Michael Seto, Alexandra Maric, and Howard E. Barbaree, they argue that 1) there is enough evidence any where proving that pornography is the cause of rape or rape crimes. They do not feel that it proves that men objectify and dehumanize women or that violent pornography desensitizes men to rape, 2) Knowing the definition of pornography and understanding the different versions help to identify where the issue lies, and 3) there are causal models that link pornography and aggression. The debate on pornography being harmful is so big because sexual victimization being such a major social problem. There is not enoughShow MoreRelatedPorn and Censorship15240 Words   |  61 PagesPornography and Censorship Should the government be allowed to legitimately prohibit citizens from publishing or viewing pornography, or would this be an unjustified violation of basic freedoms? Traditionally, liberals defended the freedom of consenting adults to publish and consume pornography in private from moral and religious conservatives who wanted pornography banned for its obscenity, its corrupting impact on consumers and its corrosive effect on traditional family and religious values. ButRead MoreEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 PagesMedia on Views of Gender Julia T. Wood Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill times more often than ones about women (â€Å"Study Reports Sex Bias,† 1989), media misrepresent actual proportions of men and women in the population. This constant distortion tempts us to believe that there really are more men than women and, further, that men are the cultural standard. THEMES IN MEDIA Of the many influences on how we view men and women, media are the most pervasive andRead Moreunethical advertising14492 Words   |  58 Pagesoverall rating of a TV show might be well over 10 rating points it might very well happens that the same show in the same moment of time is generating only 2.5 trps ( being the target women 25-45). This would mean that while the show has a large universe of viewers it is not necessarily reaching a large universe of women in the ages of 25 to 45 making it a less desirable location to place an ad for an advertiser looking for this particular demographic. IMPACT Billboard, New York City The impact ofRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pageshave come under increasing attack from various sides representing the entire left and right political spectrum, purportedly for their explicit sexual and violent lyrical contents. In this paper is investigated which moral codes underlie these claims against popular music, how social movements mobilize actions around these claims, and the way in which they are manifested in mechanisms of control targeted at rap and rock music. Moreover, I explore how the performers and fans of these musical styles haveRead MoreRepresentation of Athletes in the Media2358 Words   |  10 PagesThere has been an abundance literature on the subject of the representation of female athletes in the media, from television coverage and newspapers to magazines and websites. From ancient Greece where it was not allowed for women to partake in or even watch the Olympic Games and the power and independence of the Amazonian tribal warrior woman, to present day and the struggles with underrepresentation and misrepresentation of female athletes in sport media (George, Hartley, Paris, 2001; Creedon,Read MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesMisses Insight on Society: Every Move You Take, Every Click You Make, We’ll Be Tracking You Case Study: Instant Ads: Real-Time Marketing on Exchanges continued on back inside cover E -commerce business. technology. society. T e n T H e d i t i o n Kenneth C. Laudon Carol Guercio Traver New York University Azimuth Interactive, Inc. Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan MunichRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOutcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case IncidentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbetter study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student supportRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesIT management role, sometimes outsourced to IT vendors, it is not the only one. Managing IT also requires identifying what new technologies to invest in and how to specifically tailor these new IT solutions to improve the way a specific company does business. Effective management of the technology asset therefore requires not only skilled IT managers and IT professionals—the human resources asset—but also active participation by business managers as captured by the third IT asset: the business/IT

Macroeconomics Assignment - 642 Words

Scenario 1 Task 1 Aggregate wage measures the overall cost of labor, and the index shows the percentage of change in this value over the period examined in this case, there has been an increase of 4.59% in the aggregate wage. The aggregate for each year is calculated by multiplying the rate by the number of staff for each grade (to weight the wages correctly), then summing the results; the index is simply the current year divided by the base year and multiplied by 100. The average rate measures the costs of labor in the amount-per-unit of labor rather than as an overall or total measure, in this case showing a 2.47% increase over the period in question. Average rates for each year are calculated by taking the same sum of rate times number of staff for each grade and dividing by total number of staff; the index is current year/base year * 100. Task 2 The Laspeyres figure for the current year is by definition (and calculation) 100, and for Paasche is 1000. The former is calculated by taking the total number of staff in the base year (2010) and multiplying by the average wage in the current year (2012); this product is then divided by the product of total staff in the base year and the average wage in the base year, with the entire result multiplied by 100. This index effectively shows what the company would have paid for 2010s labor in 2012 2.47% more. The Paasche Index is calculated by taking the sum of staff numbers in the current year and multiplying by the averageShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Individual Assignment772 Words   |  4 PagesMacroeconomics Individual Assignment 1 Wil Creasy Part A Since the beginning of the 1990s, Japan has experienced significant declines in household net savings rates. The 90’s was a decade of slow growth, and households devoted a large portion of their incomes to maintaining consumption levels. â€Å"Large amounts of liquid savings in postal savings accounts and in banks meant the majority of the population did not feel they had to increase saving in order to rebuild assets.† (Feldstein, 2010) A numberRead MoreAssignment #4: â€Å"Macroeconomic Indicators†1681 Words   |  7 PagesWalmart (officially Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) is an American multinational company specialized in the large distribution. The company was founded by Sam Walton and today supervised by his oldest son, S. Robson Walton. Founded under this name in 1962, it was quickly developed in Arkansas, then after that in 1991 it started dominate all United States before he internationalized itself. Today, Walmart is much more like your vicinity store. We comprise a great choice of high-quality goods, friendly serviceRead MoreBu204 Macroeconomics Unit 2 Assignment Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pagesier_4.htm Hendrickson, Josh. (May 18, 2006). The economics of sweatshops. The Everyday Economist. Retrieved September 29, 2012, from http://everydayecon.wordpress.com/2006/05/18/the-economics-of-sweatshops/ Mankiw, N. Gregory. Principles of Macroeconomics. United States: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.Read MoreEssay about Macroeconomics Assignment Chapters 1 and 21122 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿MacroEcon 1000 WW Module 1 Assignment 6/10/2014 1. Economics provides a range of choices to decision makers regarding the outcomes or impacts of alternative courses of action.  Describe the two types of economic analysis (see examples on the bottom of  page three).  Come up with three questions of your own as  examples  for each type of analysis, that relates to you or  your community. Positive Analysis = focuses on facts and statistics, cause and effect, theory development and inferences madeRead MoreINTRODUCTION The purpose of this assignment is designed on analysing macroeconomic indicators of1800 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION The purpose of this assignment is designed on analysing macroeconomic indicators of two countries: Italy and United Arab Emirates. Considering contribution made by the oil and gas industry to the economic performance of an economy; assessing the role of both domestic and foreign factors/policies influencing the economic situation, analysing the fluctuations made in the economic performance over time period reflecting from 2010 to 2014, depending on the data available in Thomson ReutersRead MoreThe Impact Of Technological Change On Employment Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesMacroeconomic - Written Assignment Unit 7 †¢ Definition of structural unemployment: Structural unemployment occurs when employees and employers, for some reason, can t find each other. For instance new technology may be a cause of structural unemployment. A company may require new technology skills that are not met by the candidates in the area, so sometimes the employer decides to relocate certain jobs somewhere else where people are more qualified. Another example is when technology and automationRead More Running The British Economy Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesis called macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole—with booms and recessions, the economy’s total output of goods and services and the growth of output, the rates of inflation and unemployment, the balance of payments, and exchange rates. Macroeconomics deals with the increase in output and employment over long period of time—that is economic growth—and with the short-run fluctuations that constitutes the business cycle. Macroeconomics focusesRead MoreEconomic Conditions Applied For Farmers Bank Trust1392 Words   |  6 PagesECONOMIC CONDITIONS APPLIED TO FARMERS BANK TRUST Junior Intersession Assignment #1 Kevin Huff SW Graduate School of Banking Class 59 Completion Date Farmers Bank Trust Texarkana, TX TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...i TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 GLOBAL MACROECONOMIC SNAPSHOT AND FORECAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 MACROECONOMIC SNAPSHOT AND FORECAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. FORECAST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Key Concepts in Economics851 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 1: The Key Concepts in Economics Markisha Dill William Creamer Principle Of Economics May 31, 2015 Before sitting down to complete this assignment, I thought thoroughly about economics as a whole. My interest was whether economics was considered an exact since, i.e. Mathematics. Economics has been described as a science, numerous times. So in my search to find out whether economics was a science, I looked at an online dictionary to see how these words were defined. First I lookedRead MoreEssay on ECO/372 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment1255 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Team C Week 3 Learning Team Assignment ECO/372 Team C Week 3 Learning Team Assignment In our team paper, we are going to evaluate, assess, and apply various economic situations from a Keynesian and Classical perspective. As the global markets increase and decrease over time careful modifications of the economy of the United States need to be made. After a comprehensive assessment of the current economic situation team C has agreed,  that the Current State of Interest Rates, unemployment

Mobile Technology Into Distance Education â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mobile Technology Into Distance Education? Answer: Introducation According to Kumar and Ahmed (2008) education is a life-long process, this is an acknowledged fact. Learning, an integral part of education refers to the process of gaining knowledge. Knowledge can be gained from every sphere of life, through social experiences, literary knowledge and practical knowledge. It is necessary for an individual to acquire proper education so that the person is able to handle any kind of circumstances. Considering the given case scenario, it has been observed, the principal and teachers of the school have decided to educate the grade two students about the fire incident which occurred in the coal mine. It is believed that science projects management can be conducted, dealing with questions about the reason and consequence of fire breakout along with the effects. Jim the local fire-fighter has been invited so that he can talk about the incident with the students. It can be assessed that the school has taken the traditional approach of education. Firstly, the class consists of a large group of students. Secondly, the fire-fighter would some to the class to talk about the whole incident of the coal mine fire accident and this includes a long lecture. The estimated time for the whole discourse would be around 40 to 50 minutes, minimum over 30 minutes. Apart from the fire-fighter, the teachers would participate to conduct further discussion with the students. From the scenario, it has been understood that the teachers has asked the students to write a full essay about the coal mine and the fire breakout, the effects, impacts along with the consequences. This is considered necessary to get an overall assessment of the students regarding the entire incident. It is believed that this step would be helpful for the students to know more about the reasons which can create similar fire related incidents along with the way to resolve such issues. However , there are certain issues which can be perceived due to this method of teaching. The first and the foremost factor which needs consideration, the economics of students regarding the fire and coal mine incident. The case scenario has mentioned that the incident have forced the school to remain close for ten days. Students were unable to come to school because of the incident. It should be mentioned that the community has been affected much due to the incident, therefore it can be said that the incident is a sensitive issue for the students which should be handled properly. The issue with traditional teaching is that the fire incident is treated as general objectives without much attention to the student behaviour regarding the matter (Best et al. 2013). Care should be taken to consider the students emotions regarding the fire incident. It is said that the fire-fighter Jim would be coming to the school to talk with the students which would be mainly one-sided in nature. Discussion would be made with the entire class; this means most of the students would be passive learners. Discussion tends to be one-sided in nature because after half an hour, the students would feel the discussion session dull and tedious. This would make the students lose interest and unwilling to conduct participation in the discussion session with the fire-fighter. Apart from the students who are expressive, students who find it difficult to interact and communicate would not be able to participate in the discussion in an effective manner. It is said that the students would have the task of writing an essay about the fire and coal mine incident. The issue concerning this decision is that, unless and until the students have a clear idea about the entire incident and is interested to perform the task, the task would be beneficial (Bennett, 2014). Considering the different issues and shortcomings with the traditional learning, it is necessary to encourage and implement new learning process (also known as student centric education). Examination of new practices, partnerships and technologies for teaching and learning Taking into account the context of the presented case scenario, it seems that Ms Newcombe has taken the initiative to investigate the learning approaches that are new and different from the traditional method of learning. The new teaching approach is necessary to make the process of education more effective and enjoyable for the students, enhancing their knowledge regarding the fire incident in the process. It should be stated that in the 21st century, attempt is made to make the education approach student centric, giving importance to the factor of individuality. This approach encourages the lesson provider to be thoughtful and considerate towards the students (Grover et al. 2014). Communication is considered to be one of the most effective new learning practices. The connection needs to be established between the teachers and the learners. The former should be aware of the latters individuality and differences in order to understand the learning ability, skill and field of interest. Communication enables the teacher to maintain a healthy learning atmosphere in the class. For instance, Ms. Newcombe and Mr. Benjamin need to have conversation with the class and try to encourage students to be expressive about the coal mine and fire incident. Students should be directly involved with the work, for example, the students should go to the fire-fighter to give invitation for the discussion session. Encouragement can be provided to the students to conduct arrangements for the proposed discussion (Peeters et al. 2014). It is essential to make the study topic interesting and engaging for the students. This can be done by using modern learning technologies for the purpose. Multimedia and technology resources can be very much useful. For instance, instead of verbal discussion, creative presentation can be conducted aided with informative and interesting videos regarding the related topic. Games and videos can be used to make learning engaging (Gregory, 2017). AI (artificial intelligence) has the history of success in terms of being a useful tool for education; this can be used to teach the students. The AR technology (augmented reality) is considered effective for learning purpose. This technology enables the users to get information about a certain learning topic. Considering the case scenario where the students did not get to see the actual condition of the coal mine and the fire outburst, the VR (virtual reality) technology can be really useful and effective to let the students experience the actual incident of the fire outburst in the open cut coal mine. It is important for the students to get the actual experience and information of the incident, the VR technology can be very much useful to fulfil this purpose. ARG (alternate reality games) gaming method can also be used. These games are conducted with the help of email, text messages, phones or real world events. These games are multi-player in nature. Assessing the context of the case scenario, the class can be encouraged to play ARGs. For instance, the content of the game can be about ways to deal with fire and how to manage the effect of fire outburst, this would be helpful to enhance student interest and knowledge (Iversen et al. 2016). Modern student psychology has stated that the concentration phase of the student is short lived; the teacher needs to understand the fact. Instead of being unnecessarily descriptive, attempt should be made make the discussion concise and succinct. While conducting a serious discussion, the students tend to feel tedious and tiring, this can be avoided with a bit of humour. The teacher should have the mentality to say or comment something funny and humorous to make the environment light and to regain student attention. Students are different from each other with individual traits, strengths and shortcomings, herein lays the importance for individual learning (Dunst Hamby, 2015). The teacher should try to give individual attention to students; this would be helpful for the latter to generate interest about education. Peer learning or group learning can also be used enhance student-teacher as well as student-teacher interaction. Importance needs to be given on internal and external relationships keeping in mind the students wellbeing. The teacher should take the initiative to assess and understand the individual differences of the students, such as their strengths, shortcomings, potential field of interest. This information enables the teacher to know which learning approach can be better applicable and suitable (Drach et al. 2014)). The teacher should try to discuss ways of appropriate teaching with other fellow teachers. In terms of external relationship, the institution can make the effort to establish relationship with other academic organisations to conduct education programs and events. Taking into accounting the case scenario, the school can conduct partnership with Victorias fire-fighter entity and invite fire-fighters to engage in discussion and workshops related to fire management issues. There are many types of learning strategies, however, adaptive learning, incidental learning, learning through arguments is considered to be the effective learning strategies, the case scenario can be used for the explanation. Adaptive learning understands that all learners/students are different. Although a single teaching method is useful for most of the students but for some students, it is necessary to employ different teaching methods (Hkkinen et al. 2017). This learning is helpful to conduct student assessment. Learning through arguments refers not only discussion but expressing different perspectives and opinions about a particular study topic. It enables the learners to come up with new ideas and ways to resolve similar problems. This learning strategy can be much helpful to discuss about fire pre and post-management methods of similar accidents involving fire. Incidental learning indicates unintentional or unplanned learning (Viberg Grnlund, 2015). It states that students can gain acquire valuable lessons from any activity. Students can be given practical activity to allow the stud ents know more about fir management and coal mine. Review and comparison In todays time, importance is given on new learning practice. This practice chiefly concentrates on the overall learning behaviour, attitude, interest, learning capacity of the students, i.e. student-centric learning. Taking into account the case scenario, it can be said that the teachers need to conduct the new learning practices to have better results. It has been stated that a science project would be conducted. Students would be encouraged to discuss about the fire in the coal mine incident, this would be helpful to enhance student knowledge regarding fire management methods (Chen Denoyelles, 2013). In order to make the discussion, learning technology can be much effective. It has been stated that the students are required to write about the incident, in order to write well, the students need the factual information and the interest to perform the task. A VR technology can be used to give the information about the incident. This technology would enable the students to see the en tire incident in 3D picture, making the students feel they are actually present during the time of the incident. ARG gaming method can also be useful however this technology cannot be used properly in school. The VR technology would be a better option. It is necessary to give importance to the factor of internal and external partnerships for the comprehensive betterment and development of the learners. Several types of learning strategies exist, but adaptive learning, learning through arguments and incidental learning are really useful and effective. The three types of learning are different and student-friendly, appropriate for different learning circumstances (Halttunen, Koivisto Billett, 2014). Incidental learning enables students to acquire knowledge from real life incidents. Adaptive learning supports individual differences and hence separate learning needs as per learner ability. Learning through arguments highlights the fact that it is necessary and normal to voice different opinions and views. Arguments can occur and this would lead to the emergence of new ideas and solutions to manage various problems. Reflection While working in the team to complete the assignment task, I have had a pleasant experience. At times I had to face certain challenges and difficulties; however, overall the entire journey of working as a team member was overwhelming. I understood the advantage of working in a team, one of which was work distribution. Each member had the responsibility of fulfilling a particular task of the project; this prevented the stress of overload on a single individual. I became more confident and expressive while working with the team. I think communication is very much important to do team work. Communication helps to generate creativity and new ideas regarding a certain matter. Problems arose due to clash of opinions and difference in thinking mentality; however all of the team members made the effort to cooperate with each other nevertheless. I feel in times like this, it is necessary to be understanding and appreciative each others differences. Instead of being judgmental, flexibility sho uld be maintained to allow the scope of thinking like fellow mates. Every member should have this positive attitude. Difference can lead to problems, instead of continuing the issue; I think it is essential to look for solutions to such problems. I think adaptive, incidental and arguments; these three learning strategies are very much useful. All of the strategies encourage teacher-student communication and offers freedom to student thinking. Reference List Bennett, L. (2014). Putting in more: emotional work in adopting online tools in teaching and learning practices.Teaching in Higher Education,19(8), 919-930. Best, M., Knight, P., Lietz, P., Lockwood, C., Nugroho, D., Tobin, M. (2013). The impact of national and international assessment programmes on education policy, particularly policies regarding resource allocation and teaching and learning practices in developing countries. Chen, B., Denoyelles, A. (2013). Exploring students mobile learning practices in higher education.Educause Review,7. Drach-Zahavy, A., Somech, A., Admi, H., Peterfreund, I., Peker, H., Priente, O. (2014). (How) do we learn from errors? A prospective study of the link between the ward's learning practices and medication administration errors.International journal of nursing studies,51(3), 448-457. Dunst, C. J., Hamby, D. W. (2015). A Case Study Approach to Secondary Reanalysis of a Quantitative Research Synthesis of Adult Learning Practices Studies.International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research,13(3). Gregory, E. (Ed.). (2017).One child, many worlds: Early learning in multicultural communities. Routledge. Grover, K. S., Miller, M. T., Swearingen, B., Wood, N. (2014). An examination of the self-directed learning practices of ESL adult language learners.Journal of Adult Education,43(2), 12. Hkkinen, P., Jrvel, S., Mkitalo-Siegl, K., Ahonen, A., Nykki, P., Valtonen, T. (2017). Preparing teacher-students for twenty-first-century learning practices (PREP 21): a framework for enhancing collaborative problem-solving and strategic learning skills.Teachers and Teaching,23(1), 25-41. Halttunen, T., Koivisto, M., Billett, S. (Eds.). (2014).Promoting, assessing, recognizing and certifying lifelong learning: International perspectives and practices(Vol. 20). Springer Science Business Media. Iversen, O. S., Smith, R. C., Blikstein, P., Katterfeldt, E. S., Read, J. C. (2016). Digital fabrication in education: Expanding the research towards design and reflective practices.International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction,5(1-2), 1-2. Kumar, S. and Ahmad, S., 2008. psychology, aims and process of education.School of Open Learning. Peeters, J., De Backer, F., Reina, V. R., Kindekens, A., Buffel, T., Lombaerts, K. (2014). The role of teachers self-regulatory capacities in the implementation of self-regulated learning practices.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,116, 1963-1970. Viberg, O., Grnlund, . (2015). Understanding students learning practices: challenges for design and integration of mobile technology into distance education.Learning, Media and Technology, 1-21.

The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist Essay Example For Students

The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist Essay From the very opening of the play when Richard III enters solus, the protagonists isolation is made clear. Richards isolation progresses as he separates himself from the other characters and breaks the natural bonds between Man and nature through his efforts to gain power. The first scene of the play begins with a soliloquy, which emphasizes Richards physical isolation as he appears alone as he speaks to the audience. This idea of physical isolation is heightened by his references to his deformity, such as rudely stampdCheated of feature by Dissembling Nature, deformed, unfinished. This deformity would be an outward indication to the audience of the disharmony from Nature and viciousness of his spirit. As he hates the idle pleasures of these days and speaks of his plots to set one brother against another, Richard seems socially apart from the figures around him, and perhaps regarded as an outsider or ostracized because of his deformity. We will write a custom essay on The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now His separation from is family is emphasized when he says Dive, thoughts down to my soul when he sees his brother approaching. He is unable to share his thought with his own family as he is plotting against them. Thus, we are given hints of his physical, social and spiritual isolation which is developed throughout the play. But despite these hints, he still refers to himself as part of the House of York, shown in the repeated use of Our. The concept of Richards physical isolation is reinforced in his dealings with Anne in Act I scene ii. She calls him thou lump of foul deformity and fouler toad during their exchange. Despite these insults, she still makes time to talk to Richard, and by the end of their exchange, she has taken his ring and been wood by him. After Richard has successfully gained the throne, he isolates himself when he asks the crowd to stand all apart in Act IV scene ii. And later, when Richard dreams, he is completely alone. Physical isolation in Richards deformity wins sympathy from the audience as we pity his condition. But Richard uses his deformity as a tool against the other characters, to portray them as victimizing Richard. Thus the sense of tragedy is lessened by his own actions, even though his isolation may become greater as the play progresses. Richards psychological isolation is conveyed through his lack of conscience in his murderous acts. Nowhere does he feel remorse for his murders, until Act V scene iii when he exclaims Have mercy Jesu! and O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!. In this turning point, Richards division from his own self is made clear from I and I, and Is there a murderer here? No. Yes, I am! He has conflicting views of himself and realizes that no creature loves him, not even himself. We also never the real mind of Richard, for he is always playing a role, of a loving brother to Clarence, a lover to Anne or a victim to the others. We feel  sympathy for Richard as he awakes in a vulnerable position and for the first time acknowledges the evil that he has done. But as he only reveals his feelings of guilt in the last act of the play, we do not see him in internal turmoil and thus the sense of psychological tragedy cannot be built upon. Socially, Richard is isolated from both the upper and lower classes of society. In Act I scene iii, Richard sarcastically calls Elizabeth sister, and she contemptuously calls him Brother of Gloucester making a mockery of familial bonds. Margaret calls him cacodemon and devil, and any unity that the characters have on stage is temporary and superficial. In act III, the citizens are said to be mum and deadly pale, which gives a sense of quiet opposition to Richards activities. Richard is thus separated from all around him. Temporarily, we see Richard and Buckingham share a kind of bond, as Richard calls him My other self, My Oracle and My prophet. .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .postImageUrl , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:visited , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:active { border:0!important; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:active , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston EssayBut they part when Buckingham hesitates to kill the young princes when Richard says I wish the bastards dead. This is the only time the audience sees Richard act with any other man, but we realize that it is for purely political purposes and that the union exists only while Buckingham remains useful to him. Our sympathy for Richard is limited as we see that he has no true friendships, and does not genuinely care for his family or friends. Thus even in his increasing isolation the sense of tragedy upon his death is not really saddening to the audience as there is no real sense of waste at his loss. Richard isolates himself from God, as he claims to be above Gods law and only uses religion as a tool to appear holy before he is King. But ironically, although he breaks the bonds between man and Nature, he is a tool of Divine Justice as he kill those who were sinners, for example Clarence who recalls his horrible dream and realizes his guilt early in the play. As the murders accumulate so does his separation from God, and the need for his death increases. But being closer to his death brings him closer and closer to being with God. Thus although Richard may not realize it, he is never too far from God. But Richard does not increasingly isolate himself from the audience. From our omniscient position, we share in Richards wit, sarcasm, and the dramatic irony brought about when other characters are not fully aware of the implication of his words. Richard also shares his feelings with us, although he is not always truthful. But the fact that he enjoys his villainy to such a great extent, and feels no remorse for his murders reduces him to a figure of Vice, and is not really seen to be a tragic figure of great proportions. In his killing, we see the guilt of Clarence, King Edward, Rivers, Hastings Buckingham and Lady  Anne exposed before their deaths, along with all those who die. Thus their deaths are necessary and the audience remembers that. Also, the deaths appear off-stage, which lessens the impact of their deaths. The most poignant part of the play occurs in seeing the young princes talk happily and innocently to their uncle and Lord Protector. York says I shall not sleep quiet in the Tower, and we pity them, as they are young and afraid, and are forced to go there because, as the Prince says, My Lord Protector needs will have it so. The children had appeared happy , and the Prince had shown wit and intelligence in his conversation with his uncle. This appears to be the greatest tragic loss in the play, which is heightened because of their youth and innocence. The tragedy of the protagonist is felt because of his attractiveness as a villain and as someone who is not constrained by the rules of society. However, the audience never forgets that he is wicked and therefore we cannot feel a sense of great loss of potential or waste in his death.

The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essays

The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essays The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essay The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essay In this essay I will show my apprehension of stigma and labelling. There are certain people who are stigmatised and substance users frequently have a negative stereotype. This negativeness will frequently non let the substance user to seek the aid and medical intervention that they need due to the stigma and labelling. I will be discoursing the research around the impacts of stigma and labelling that will impact non merely their intervention but in lodging and employment. The term stigma originates from the ancient Greek word and signifies that he or she could be a slave, condemnable or treasonist and was used as a mark of shame and shame. It is now used to depict people who are stereotyped because of their societal individuality ( Pierson A ; Thomas, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Goffman, when a individual is non able to run into outlooks because their behavior or properties are unwanted or unacceptable, so stigma disqualifies a individual from societal credence. Goffman suggests that stigma is, an unwanted property that is incongruous with our stereotype of what a given person should be Goffmam ( 1963:3 ) . Stigma is a usage of negative labels and is about discourtesy. It is non merely a affair of utilizing the incorrect word but labels that individual who has the substance usage upset. Stigma consequences in favoritism and maltreatment and is damaging to the lives of many people. The fright of stigma discourages households and many persons from acquir ing the support and intervention that they may necessitate to take normal healthy life styles. Stigma deprives people their full engagement into society which so reinforces negative stereotypes ( Goffman, 1968 ) . The manner of get bying with stigma is to hide behaviors and internalise these negative positions and as a consequence will be capable to favoritism and exclusion within many countries. Drug jobs will stay entrenched if substance users are seen as drug addicts . Landlords will be loath to allow out their belongingss and employers will be wary of giving them occupations. Employment and lodging are of import to substance users as it can be critical in set uping themselves back into society ( UKDPC, 2008 ) . Research surveies show that 80 % of drug users are unemployed. Bing employed is shown to be an of import constituent into the reintegration into society. Once in work, it will assist in constructing their self-pride and back into normal life ( UKDPC, 2008 ) . Family mem bers feel shame and stop swearing them and in some instances, disown him/her. Community s will thumb point , seek to avoid contact and will dish the dirt about them. Many would reason that society s disapproval of drug usage ; particularly hemp and diacetylmorphine will state stigma is necessary to show disapproval ( UKDPC, 2010 ) . Stigma can besides do the substance user stigmatize themselves, do them experience entirely, rejected and destruct their self-pride. Seeking aid is really hard for the substance user and will forestall them from making so. They will frequently experience that discontinuing would be no usage and returning to normal life would be impossible because people in society will no longer swear them and so will fall in in with other drug users, start condemnable activities to pay for their usage and accepting the incrimination of society ( UKDPC, 2010 ) . Stigma discourages households and persons from acquiring the support and intervention they require. Families suffer the impact when another household member has a drug usage ( UKDPC, 2009 ) and it alters all their societal invitations and friends that they one time had. Other household members will frequently retreat and kids will frequently be targeted by toughs. Stigma deprives people of their full interaction into society. The UK Drug Policy Commission ( UKDPC ) suggests that 1.5 Million people in the UK are affected by a relations drug usage. Supportive relationships are cardinal to a successful recovery. Carers UK commissioned a survey which estimated that carers in the UK made a part of ?87 billion in entire economic value in one twelvemonth. This may hold excluded many who have non come frontward with get bying with a relation who has a drug job but this gives us some indicant of the societal part probably to be made by the back uping households ( DrugScope/Adfam, 2009 ) . The drug user must hold finding and religion in making their ends and there will likely be reverses and barriers but with the support and part of societal workers, support groups, household and friends, this will assist towards the recovery procedure ( HM Government, 2010 ) . Families and relationships are cardinal issues for recovery and drug users improve when their household is behind them. They are more than probably to finish intervention and keep their new life styles ( Best A ; Laudet, 2010 ) . DrugScope published research in 2009 by questioning a random sample of over 1000 people aged 18 plus. The research published showed that one in five grownups had a personal experience of drug usage, either direct or indirect. The findings where: 19 % have personal experience of drug dependence either straight or among household or friends ; 1 in 10 grownups have a friend who has experience of drug dependence ; 1 in 20 have experienced drug dependence in their household ; 1 in 50 has personal experience of drug dependence. 77 % agree investing in drug intervention is reasonable usage of authorities money . The canvass found that 19 % either had direct or indirect personal experience of a household member or cognizing person within their circle of friends. 11 % were likely to hold a friend who has experienced drug dependence. 6 % had household members who were drug dependent, yet 2 % experienced the drug dependence themselves. These figures do propose that drug abuse and the dependence do impact many people s lives and is a societal job ( DrugScope, 2009 ) . Stigma to substance users will perchance do dependence recovery and intervention more hard. Substance users frequently manage in secret and would instead non seek out the intervention and unrecorded in denial. The University of Nevada studied 197 drug users on the affects of stigmatisation. This research identified that because of the usage of stigma they would go more dependent on their drug usage due to the perceived negativeness that the society had on drug users. 60 % of drug users in this survey felt that they were treated otherwise after people knew that they were a drug user. 46 % felt that others became afraid of them one time they found out and 45 % felt that their households gave up on them and wanted nil more to make with them. 38 % of their friends had rejected them and eventually, 14 % of employers paid a lower pay ( Addiction, 2010 ) . Users have no good ground to halt utilizing when you look at this research survey. This research identifies that stigma is conceptuality alone. Drug users besides had a more hard clip in intervention at wining when there were higher degrees of stigma. The survey besides showed that drug users frequently cope in secret due to their inability to openly discourse their dependence ; this caused hapless mental wellness and decreased their opportunities of recovery. By cut downing shame the society could assist in driving frontward in assisting the intervention of drug users who are non coming frontward due to stigma ( Addiction, 2010 ) . Stigmatizing is non merely found amongst the populace but besides by the professionals who may be working straight with them. Professionals, such as physicians and nurses, who work straight with drug users, will hold a greater penetration into the jobs that drug users face on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing. Miller et Al ( 2001 ) mentioned in UKDPC ( 2010:30 ) summarised research from the USA which showed an addition in negativity towards drug users. Two surveies of the intervention of jobs with drug users and drinkers both in the inmate attention and safety net exigency section showed that negative positions during preparation, continued when they became qualified and working within their pattern ( UKDPC, 2010 ) . Stigma between wellness professionals and the drug user will forestall them from seeking aid and may be one of the grounds as to why the drug user will non seek out the aid or medical intervention that they require ( Kelly A ; Westerhoff, 2010 ) . Everyone knows that it is incorrect to know apart, whether it is because of their race, civilization or faith. Substance usage is really common and is widely misunderstood. It is indispensable that we learn about the individual and dainty with self-respect and regard. This will so assist in stressing their abilities ( Mental Health and Recovery Board, 2009 ) . Public attitudes to drug dependence were explored in the UK in 2002 ( Luty A ; Grewal, 2002 ) . Results showed that 28 % regarded drug users as holding a mental wellness job. 38 % assumed that drug users were felons and 78 % to be fallacious and undependable. 30 % said that they deserved the bad luck that fell upon them. 62 % thought that the jurisprudence were excessively soft on drug users and 40 % believed that their kids should be taken into attention. It was concluded by Luty and Grewal, 2002, the consequences clearly indicate a negative position of drug nuts ( Luty A ; Grewal, 2002:94 ) . Yet, DrugScope in 2009 wanted to happen out the attitudes of the public towards drug users and drug intervention. They commissioned a canvass and the findings suggest that the populace to be really sympathetic than sometimes frequently assumed. 80 % of the people surveyed agreed that people can go addicted to drugs because of other jobs within their life . 35 % agreed that it was the persons mistake for drug usage and that there is no alibi. A big sum of respondents 88 % agreed that for the drug user to acquire back on path, they needed aid and support and 77 % holding that the investing of authorities money towards drug intervention is reasonable. This research showed a sympathetic response of the bulk of the people surveyed. Drug users are the most marginalised people in society where favoritism and stigma are cardinal into the barriers of having recovery. Two tierces in a recent canvass showed that employers would non use anyone with history of drug usage, even though they were suited for the occupation. Stigma and favoritism still remains a barrier to recovery and will clearly impact of them happening work. It will besides impact being housed suitably and accessing the health care that they need ( DrugScope, 2009 ) The things that we can make as practicians in assisting to get the better of the stigmatization is to hold a better apprehension of how hard it is for people to alter who may hold low self-efficacy. First feelings count and for a substance user, coming through the door is difficult plenty. The substance user will hold come because they are in a crisis and has realised it is clip for alteration ( Lecture Notes, 2012 ) . As societal workers we have to gain that prosecuting with the substance user will assist in the first stairss to recovery and aid in constructing relationships. Building regard and trust will forestall misinterpretations that may take to conflict. Having good communicating accomplishments is effectual and at the bosom of societal work. It is merely through our communicating accomplishments that we are able to understand the cognition of others and work efficaciously ( Trevithick, 2009 ) . It is of import to pass on as it helps in interchanging our ideas and feelings an d in organizing the foundation of a good relationship. Communication allows you to assist the substance user to be more receptive to the new thoughts by making an environment that they can swear and assist in developing declarations. To hold an unfastened and honest relationship, trust is of import in wining this. An understanding ideally should be met with the substance user about confidentiality. They have a right to cognize who will be able to entree any information about them ( Koprowska, 2010 ) . Motivational Interviewing is a good known theoretical account developed by William Miller in 1982. It is a theoretical account used with people to arouse alteration, particularly people who have debatable substance abuse. Motivational interviewing is a client-centred guidance manner and helps the service user to make their determinations about possible behavior alteration ( Nelson, 2012 ) . This theoretical account helps in placing and understanding the substance user s motive to alter and foreground to the client their sensed negatives and benefits of alteration. The rules of motivational interviewing are to show empathy, develop disagreement by assisting the client in increasing their consciousness of the effects of their behavior. Avoiding debate as it is them who are the expert. Roll with opposition by promoting the client to develop their ain statements. Resistance is normal if you are uncomfortable about something and in conclusion self efficaciousness by foregrounding the acco mplishments and the alterations they have already made ( Lecture Notes, 2012 ) . Measuring motive with the substance user and happening out at which stages they may be will assist in me placing where the substance user is in their dependence. A good known theoretical account called the rhythm of alteration developed by DiClemente and Prochaska ( 1982 ) represents the point at which the substance user base on ballss during their alteration in behavior. The different phases are: Pre-Contemplation, this is where the service user has no desire to alter. Contemplation, this is where the service user may be sing their state of affairs and is more cognizant of it. Preparation is where the service user makes a determination to alter their substance abuse. Action and this is where the service user takes stairss in conveying about alteration. Care is where they have stopped utilizing the drugs and moved to a more controlled and less harmful manner of utilizing and is keeping that alteration. Backsliding is where the service user will travel back to their old behavior and will hold to get down the Cycle of Change once more ( Teater, 2011:122 ) . The substance user may steal back or backsliding in to their old behavior because lasting behavior is really hard to alter, peculiarly with people who want to do alteration in substance abuse. This is really hard and may take several efforts ( Nelson, 2012 ) . Motivational interviewing will assist the substance user move through the phases of alteration. Having good active hearing accomplishment is of import and will assist in doing the substance user feel that he/she is being helped. Many people will experience encouraged when they have been genuinely listened to without break and will frequently go bucked up and empowered ( New Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse ) . A good hearer allows the individual to acquire their ain narratives and sentiments across, which active hearing will let them to make so. If you interrupt, the individual will experience that they may non hold been listened to. They will non experience respected and may keep information through being cautious. It is of import to let them to cognize that you were listening and will assist in promoting them to go on speaking. Leaning frontward, keeping oculus contact will besides demo them you are interested in what they have to state ( MindTools, 2012 ) . You have to retrieve to non allow environmental factors distract you as this could do you lose focal point. Giving the substance user your undivided attending and acknowledge what they are stating. Using organic structure linguistic communication either by nodding on occasion, smiling and promoting the talker to go on by stating verbal remarks, such as yes and go on will promote the talker to go on by cognizing you are listening. Giving positive feedback by rephrasing e.g. What I am hearing is and It sounds like you are stating , are good ways of reflecting back and aid in clear uping certain points that the substance user may hold said and helps towards acquiring more background information. Paraphrasing besides helps in leting yourself to truly understand what has been said and helps the substance user know that they have been heard und understood right ( Koprowska, 2010 ) . Having the three nucleus conditions of guidance of empathy, regard and congruity will assist to heighten the substance user s motive to alter. Empathy allows seting you in another individual s places and holding a be tter apprehension of their feelings and emotions. You must disregard your ain perceptual experience of the state of affairs and accept their feelings and ideas. By making this does non intend that you accept the behavior they are making but means that you understand them. Congruity allows you to be yourself and that you are merely human and a existent individual. This will assist in cut downing the emphasis the substance user may hold. Having regard is accepting the individual for who they are irrespective of what the individual says or does. When others have perchance made that individual experience negative, it is really difficult for them to experience positive. Showing the substance user regard will demo willingness that you want to work with them, which will let them to turn assurance ( Trevithick, 2009 ) . Change is hard, so it is normal for the substance user to experience ambivalent. Using the Decisional Balance will assist in placing the positives and negatives of their behavior. If you are traveling to alter, you need a ground to and people change when the positives outweigh the negatives. We ever have to be cognizant of the short term or long term hazard factors including their degree of use and what type of drugs they are utilizing ( Miller A ; Rollnick, 2002 ) . Motivational interviewing helps the substance user in placing the importance of their behavior alteration and besides helps the practician aid in making so by heightening their motive. This theoretical account works good alongside the cycle of alteration as it is utile to measure where the substance user may be in their rhythm of alteration and aid in placing the schemes you may utilize ( Nelson, 2012 ) . In decision, if a individual does non conform to societal stereotypes, they are more than probably to be marginalised and bear stigma. Peoples with substance abuse are of all types and come from different backgrounds ( Pycroft, 2010 ) . Working with persons who are sing substance usage, it is of import to stay focused. Supplying changeless feedback and offering support will assist in prosecuting the drug user towards work outing the crisis the substance user may hold. Having a non-judgemental attitude underpins societal work along with empathy and protagonism ( Trevithick, 2009 ) . Peoples with substance abuse are frequently viewed as less worthy and meriting. Stigmatization can do bias, marginalization, favoritism and subjugation and is frequently reinforced by the media and even our ain households ( Theory and pattern, 2011 ) . Peoples who substance usage are frequently stigmatised and experience shameful of it and can go on if the substance user has had several efforts. When you a re ashamed of something and you unwrap it, it is really difficult particularly if you re diffident as to how the other individual is traveling to react. It is of import for myself to reflect upon my ain value base and biass that I may hold. Referances All about Addiction ( 2010 ) Addiction Stigma: devising dependence recovery, and dependence intervention entry, even harder. www.allaboutaddiction.com/addiction/addiction-stigma-making-addiction-recovery-harder ( accessed 16 November 2012 ) Best, D, . Laudet, A. B. ( 2010 ) The potency of recovery capital, Royal Society of Arts. DrugScope/Adfam ( 2009 ) Recovery and drug dependence: a new trade for households. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.adfam.org.uk/docs/recovery_dependency.pdf ( accessed 26 November 2012 ) DrugScope, ( 2009 ) Closer to place than you think : one in five grownups knows person with experience of drug dependence. London: DrugScope hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugscope.org.uk/Media/Press+office/pressreleases/ICM_poll_results ( accessed 18 November 2012 ) Goffman, E. ( 1963 ) Stigma: notes on a spoilt individuality. Prentice-Hall. New York. Goffman, E. ( 1968 ) Stigma: notes on the direction of spoilt individuality. Harmondsworth: Penguin. HM Government, ( 2010 ) . Drug Strategy 2010: cut downing demand, curtailing supply, constructing recovery: back uping people to populate a drug free life . hypertext transfer protocol: //mhfe.org.uk/sites/default/files/shared/drug-strategy-2010.pdf ( accessed 26 November 2012 ) Kelly, J.F. and Westerhoff, C.M. ( 2010 ) . Does it count how we refer to persons withsubstance-related conditions? A randomised survey of two commonly used footings. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21 ( 3 ) , 202-7. Koprowska, J. ( 2010 ) . Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Social Work. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Lecture Notes ( 2012 ) Social Work with Substance Users: Assessment and Initial Intervention. Hull University. Luty, J. and Grewal, P. ( 2002 ) . A study of the British populace s attitudes towards drug Dependence . Journal of Substance Use, 7, 93-5. Mental Health and Recovery Board ( 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mhrbeo.org/stigma.html ( accessed 20 November 2012 ) Mind Tools ( 2012 ) . Active Listening. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/ActiveListening.htm ( accessed 26 November 2012 ) Miller, W, . Rollnick, S. ( 2002 ) Motivational Interviewing: preparing people for alteration. New York: Guildford Press. Nelson, Anna ( 2012 ) Social Work with Substance Users, London: Sage Publications Ltd. New Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse. Improving your listening Skills . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mededfund.org/NJgroups/Listening_Skills.pdf ( accessed26 November 2012 ) . Pierson, J. , Thomas, M. ( 2010 ) Dictionary of Social Work. England: Open University Press. Pycroft, A. ( 2010 ) Understanding and Working with Substance Misusers. London: Sage Prochaska, J. , DiClemente, C. 1982 ) Transheoretical therapy: Towards a more integrative theoretical account of alteration , Theory, Research and Practice, 19:276-88. Maclean, S, . Harrison, R. ( 2011 ) . Theory and Practice: A straightforward Guide for Social Work Students. Great Britain: Kirwin Maclean Associates Ltd. Trevithick, p. ( 2009 ) Social Work Skills: a pattern enchiridion. England: Open University Press UKDPC ( 2008 ) Working Towards Recovery . London: UK Drug Policy Commission. hypertext transfer protocol: //ukdpc.org.uk/publications.shtml # employment_report ( accessed 15 November 2012 ) . UK Drug Policy Commission ( 2009 ) . Adult Family Members and Carers of Dependant Drug Users: Prevalence, societal cost, resource nest eggs and intervention responses. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Evidence % 20review % 20- % 20Adult % 20family % 20members % 20and % 20carers % 20of % 20dependent % 20drug % 20users_ % 20prevalence, % 20social % 20cost, % 20resource % 20savings % 20and % 20treatment % 20responses.pdf ( accessed 26 November 2012 ) UKDPC ( 2010 ) Getting serious about Stigma: the job with stigmatizing drug users. London: UK Drug Policy Commission. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ukdpc.org.uk/publication/getting-serious-about-stigma-problem-stigmatising ( accessed 15 November 2012 ) . UKDPC ( 2010 ) Sinning and Sinned Against: The Stigmatisation of Problem Drug Users. London: UKDPC hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policy % 20report % 20- % 20Sinning % 20and % 20sinned % 20against_ % 20the % 20stigmatisation % 20of % 20problem % 20drug % 20users.pdf ( accessed 18 November 2012 ) Trevithick, P. ( 2009 ) Social Work Skills: a pattern enchiridion. England: Open University Press. Teater, B. ( 2011 ) Using Social Work Theories and Methods, England: Open University Press.

Composing With an Implied Audience in Mind

Composing With an Implied Audience in Mind Definition The term implied audience applies to readers or listeners imagined by a writer or speaker before and during the composition of a text. Also known as a  textual audience, an implied reader, an implied auditor, and a fictional audience. According to Chaim Perelman and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca in Rhetorique et Philosophie (1952), the writer predicts this audiences probable response to and understanding of a text. Related to the concept of implied audience is the second persona. See Examples and Observations below. See also: AudienceAudience Analysis  and  Audience Analysis ChecklistAdaptationEssayImplied AuthorNew RhetoricPersonaReading Examples and Observations Just as the speaker need not be, and usually is not, identical with the author, so the implied audience is an element of the poem itself and does not necessarily coincide with a given chance reader.(Rebecca Price Parkin, Alexander Popes Use of the Implied Dramatic Speaker. College English, 1949)Just as we distinguish between a real rhetor and rhetorical persona, we also can distinguish between a real audience and an implied audience. The implied audience (like the rhetorical persona) is fictive because it is created by the text and exists only inside the symbolic world of the text.(Ann M. Gill and Karen Whedbee, Rhetoric. Discourse as Structure and Process, ed. by Teun A. van Dijk. Sage, 1997)[T]exts not only address concrete, historically situated audiences; they sometimes issue invitations or solicitations for auditors and/or readers to adopt a certain perspective for reading or listening. . . . Jasinksi (1992) described how The Federalist Papers constructed a vision of an impartia l and candid audience that contained specific prescriptions for how the real audience should evaluate the arguments being addressed during the constitutional ratification debate.(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001) Every reading of an argument yields an implied audience, and by this, I mean the audience on whom the claim is understood to be made and in terms of which the argumentation is supposed to develop. In a charitable reading, this implied audience is also the audience for whom the argument is persuasive, the audience which allows itself to be influenced by reasoning.(James Crosswhite, The Rhetoric of Reason: Writing and the Attractions of Argument. University of Wisconsin Press, 1996)Readers and Mock ReadersI am arguing . . . that there are two readers distinguishable in every literary experience. First, there is the real individual upon whose crossed knee rests the open volume, and whose personality is as complex and ultimately inexpressible as any dead poets. Second, there is the fictitious readerI shall call him the mock reader whose mask and costume the individual takes on in order to experience the language. The mock reader is an artifact, controlled, simplified, abstracted out of t he chaos of day-to-day sensation.The mock reader can probably be identified most obviously in subliterary genres crudely committed to persuasions, such as advertising and propaganda. We resist the blandishments of the copywriter just in so far as we refuse to become the mock reader his language invites us to become. Recognition of a violent disparity between ourself as mock reader and ourself as real person acting in a real world is the process by which we keep our money in our pockets. Does your toupee collect moths? asks the toupee manufacturer, and we answer, Certainly not! My hairs my own. Youre not talking to me, old boy; Im wise to you. Of course, we are not always so wise.(Walker Gibson, Authors, Speakers, Readers, and Mock Readers. College English, February 1950) Real and Implied ReadersIn Wayne Booths terms, the implied author of a text is the creator of an implied reader. But one does not need to agree with Booths conclusion that the most successful reading is the one in which the created selves, author, and reader, can find complete agreement (Rhetoric of Fiction). On the contrary, the pleasure of the text may arise from the readers refusal to play the role sketched out by the implied author. Viewed in this way, the rhetorical drama of the essay resides in the conflict between the conceptions of self and world that the reader brings to a text and the conceptions that the persona attempts to arouse.(Richard Nordquist, Voices of the Modern Essay. University of Georgia, 1991)

Bus 234 San Asign3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus 234 San Asign3 - Essay Example A concept map is a type of graphical organizer that gives the scholars the knowledge to organize and present their subject of study. It helps in brainstorming and generation of new ideas among the students. Students are also in a position to integrate new ideas with old ideas by use of the concept map. It also assists in communication of information through ideas. Concept maps also help students gain knowledge of any topic and evaluate the new information. According to Hudgins (78), instructional design is a systematic approach that is used to develop education systems and training programs in a more effective and reliable manner. Instructional designs are categorized in to three:- Organizational - these involve minor and major levels (macro and micro) that enhance subsequent arrangement of the lessons. Delivery strategies are more concerned with the decisions that may impact on the process of information transmission. The third strategy is referred to as management, which involves the decisions that help the student’s inn their interaction with learning activities in order to gain knowledge and skills. The third phase – management, is more important, since it give a chance for the learners to gain new skills and

Battle leadership by Adolf Von Schell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Battle leadership by Adolf Von Schell - Essay Example f von Schell in his book has explicitly stated that as leaders, there should be some sort of knowledge related with the souls of the soldiers who are giving their best shot in the battleground. According to his own theory and quite rightly so, the soldier is the only person, the living soul with which the war can be started, ended and carried out in the first place as it has to decide whether or not to dismantle a bomb, throw a rocket or anything that has to do something or the other with weapons and ammunition. More than that it is his immense resilience and sense of intellect and understanding that wins him many a war, even in the most difficult of times. He goes on to suggest in this essay that it is the responsibility of the leader in the battle field to make use of his soldiers in the best manner that he possibly can as well as become a role model for them so that they can take heed and give in their best demonstration of courage and bravery. Leaders, according to him are the torchbearers and it is only up to them to instill the confidence and belief in the rest of the army. Without their self belief, nothing is possible. Adolf is of the view that every leadership effort that there is present in the war grounds is reminiscent of the relationship that exists between the leader and his men, especially in the manner through which the same is being transferred to each and every player of the army. This is pretty significant as it says a thing or two about the communication flow that should be the key ingredient of any war, battle or for that matter a discussion that leads up to a war eventually. The values that the leader portrays are very important as this forms the bridge between him and the people who are being led under him. Values thus form the cornerstone of the term called motivation as it in essence forms the basis for a whole lot of avenues in the times to come, not only on the shoulders of the leader for his being true and straight to them but also

Events During the Cold War Essay Example for Free

Events During the Cold War Essay The Cold War was a very terrible war that started in 1945 between the United States and the Soviet Union and lasted 45 years. The Cold War got its name because both sides were too afraid to fight each other directly. They used words against each other to make the enemy look dumb and foolish. They fought through many other wars, too afraid of nuclear attacks directly hitting them. These wars caused great devastation across the globe. This war had started because the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism across the world, but America being a democracy, did not want that. The first ten years were somewhat interesting. On February 4 1945, there was a Yalta Conference, a wartime meeting between the heads of government from the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union, and the Cold War began. Right after that, Germany surrendered to the Red Army in Berlin. On August 6, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and killed 80,000 people. Then three days after, the United States dropped another bomb on Nagasaki that killed 70,000. Shortly after that, the Japanese surrendered and that was the end of World War II. Winston Churchill had issued warnings about the Soviets in 1946 and first used the term iron curtain. This term was used to describe how the Soviets had wanted power. 1946 was also the year Josef Stalin made a very hostile speech, claiming communism and capitalism couldnt live in peace. In June of 1947, the Marshall Plan was announced. This plan set a precedent for helping countries combat poverty, disease and malnutrition. That same year, the Rio Pact was established. This was a security zone around the hemisphere with the 19 Latin American countries. Between June 1948 and September 1949, Britain and America were struggling to keep West Berlin supplied through aircraft, since the Soviet government closed all ground traffic. That year, they made 277,000 flights to carry products. In March of 1948, Truman started a Loyalty Program which was made to catch Cold War spies. Then, in that same year the Brussels Pact was made to protect Europe from communism. In 1949, China became a communist country because Mao Zedong took over. He then established the Peoples  Republic of China. In June of 1950, the Korean War started and Stalin supported North Korea and gave them Soviet weapons to invade South Korea. The war in Korea ended two years later, though. In 1951 the Federal Defense Administration was established which was a program that spread information about communism and the threat of attacks. March 1954 was when KGB (Committee for State Security) was established. KGB was the national security of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In May of 1955 the Warsaw Pact was established. This pact was a mutual defense treaty between the eight communist states of Eastern Europe during the Cold War. During these ten years, there were a few treaties and some different experimental things done, also some different groups were made just for this one huge war. The next 10 years (1956-65) didnt have as many exciting things happen. In 1956, there was a rebellion in Communist Hungary. Then after that in 1957, Sputnik was launched into space and Laika died in space. In 1958, Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War, made the Soviet troops withdrawal from Berlin. Khrushchev then visited the United States in 1959 which caused the Kitchen Debate. This was a debate between Nixon and Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition. In 1960, the Soviets revealed that there had been a United States plane shot down over Soviet territory. This year was also the year John F. Kennedy was elected president of the United States. Cuba aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies that same year. The Bay of Pigs invasion happened in 1961, this invasion was by CIA trained exiles of Cuba into southern Cuba to try to overthrow the government, but it was unsuccessful. In 1962 the United States becomes more involved in the Vietnam War to keep communist takeover of South Vietnam as a strategy of containment. That was the same year of the Cuban missile crisis between the Soviet Union and Cuba and the United States, it lasted thirteen days. November of 1963 was a sad month because President Kennedy was assassinated, probably because of a conspiracy. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was in 1964 which was a confrontation between North Vietnam and the United States. In 1965 some United States marines were sent to the Dominican Republic to fight Communism. These 10 years were not very exciting but there were a few important events that changed the United States. From 1966 to 1975, not much happened. It was kind of a dull period compared to the last twenty years. In 1967 the United Stated Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara admitted that the United States bombing raids had failed to meet their objectives. Richard Nixon was elected for president and North Korea captured U.S.S. Pueblo the year after. The USS Pueblo was a United States spy ship and it is still currently being held captive by Korea, though it is a museum now. Then, in 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the moon which had Neil Armstrong in it. He was the first person to step on the moon and it was a great accomplishment in US history. In 1970 Nixon spread the Vietnam War to Cambodia. The Pentagon papers were signed the year after in 1971. These papers were a United States history of its involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1972 not only did Nixon visit China, but SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talk) was signed; this was between the two Cold War superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control. The United States supported coup overthrew the Chilean government in 1973. The year after that, Nixon resigned but since then he has been the only president to ever resign. In 1975 North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam who then fell into communism. I do not know why these ten years were so boring, but they were even though they ended in another country falling into communism. The next ten years from 1976 to 1985 were even duller than the ones before. It started off with the Soviet Union and Cuba forcing Angola to become a communist state. In 1979, SALT II was signed. This time it was just an experimental negotiation about curtailing the manufacturing of nuclear weapons. The same year SALT II was signed, the Soviet forces invaded Afghanistan and the United States and China established diplomatic relations. In 1980, Polish shipyard workers started a strike and the Solidarity Union was formed, which was the first non-communist trade union in Warsaw Pact territory, and the strike leader, Lech Walesa, was elected as the head of the Solidarity Union. Three years later, President Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative. That initiative was created to protect the United States from nuclear missile attacks. In that same year, United States troops invaded and overthrew the regime in Grenada and ended  in a victory. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union and initiated a campaign of increased openness and transparency in government institutions called glasnost and a political movement within the Soviet Union called perestroika in 1985. As you can see, not much happened during these ten years but there were still some interesting things that happened. The last five years were when quite a few countries became independent after so long. In 1986 President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe. Then in the year after that, Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove all medium and short-range nuclear missiles. This meant that the war was coming to a close and things were becoming less violent. The Soviet groups with drawled from Afghanistan in 1989. Poland and Hungary both become independent and communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Rumania, the Soviet empire declined in this year as well. Russia got a new president; Boris Yeltsin, in 1990 also. Another country became independent a year later, Lithuania. Germany also became reunited during this year. In 1991, the Warsaw Pact ended which meant the Cold War was over and the Soviet Union was done for, the end of it all. The Cold War was something terrible that happened between the United States and the Soviet Union for a stupid reason. It caused a lot of problems and different wars throughout the world just because they were too afraid to fight face to face but, it did not cause a huge amount of deaths. The Cold War was not really the kind of war that killed people; it was more of a war on which country could develop faster. This war could have been easily prevented but I guess some things just have to happen. A 45 year war for only one thing. Power. Works Cited Cold War. enotes. n.d. Web. 20 May, 2012. Cold War Timeline. History Timelines. n.d. Web. 20 May, 2012. Pillai, Prabhakar Causes and Effects of the Cold War. Buzzle. n.d. 21 May, 2012. Timeline of the Cold War. Think Quest. n.d. Web. 20 May 2012. Wikipedia.org.

Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens :: essays research papers

Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens "My main object in this story was, to exhibit in a variety of aspects the commonest of all the vices: to show how Selfishness propagates itself; and to what a grim giant it may grow, from small beginnings"- Charles Dickens about the purpose of his novel: Martin Chuzzlewit (130)"Because the selfish man sees no common interest or bond between himself and the rest of his world he is free from moral compunction, free to construct a false self, mask, rà ´le, or persona, and at pains to protect his real self from the encroachments of a hostile world." - Joseph Gold (131)"Any kind of imagination separated from its material or emanation becomes a Spectre of Selfhood"- Blake (134) 12/20/96Selfishness Versus Goodness and Hypocrisy Versus CandorIn his book, Joseph Gold gives us a rundown on how selfishness embodies itself throughout Martin Chuzzlewit. He analyses likely symbols in the book, which gave me more of an insight and a new perspective that helped me vie w the main characters and their transformation in a different setting. Selfishness and hypocrisy mark their victims with false shells and distorted personalities and lead them to believe in their superiority over mankind. This renders them incapable of experiencing anything real and leave them fumbling after false truths, while taking advantage of the pure at heart. This seems to be the essence of what Gold wants to communicate with his analysis.Pecksniff is the hypocrite who shuns no one when it comes to him making a profit. Unconscious of his inability to self-reflect or perhaps proud of his exalted virtuousness, Pecksniff is the epitome of righteousness, as Gold explains; he is in the book to display the extreme and helps clarify America’s role as a "national Pecksniff". Through him do Thomas Pinch and Martin Chuzzlewit the Elder finally open their eyes to their own lesser vices; Pinch’s naà ¯ve behavior changes after confronted with the real, or should I say false shell of, Pecksniff, while Chuzzlewit Sr. sees parts of himself in Pecksniff and is at the same time reminded of true virtue, honesty and human interdependence through Thomas Pinch. Gold goes thoroughly into an analysis of the paradigm between Jonas and the Book of Jonah, both characters fleeing from their own selves; it isn’t until they accept the wale, as Sairey Gamp puts it, signifying Jonah’s return to God in the whale’s stomach, that they can reach self-fulfillment.

The Earth

1.   Generally, atmosphere layers are hot if they contain gases that absorb some of the light that penetrates to that depth. Transparent layers are cool. The temperature of a layer is generally found by the balance between absorption of solar radiation (heating) and the emission of radiation (cooling). A planet reaches a temperature at which there is a balance between absorption of solar radiation and the emission of infrared radiation by the planet’s surface.The material in the atmosphere, which absorbs solar radiation most actively in ozone. Ozone absorbs electromagnetic waves in the ultra-violet wavelength band. It mainly resides in the stratosphere. Nevertheless, emission and absorption of terrestrial radiation occur at any levels, and the amounts are larger as temperature is higher. Absorption of solar radiation, on the other hand, is mostly limited to the ozone layer. Therefore, resulting equilibrium temperature is high in the ozone layer and low elsewhere.The part of solar radiation that transmit through the ozone layer, though somewhat absorbed in atmospheric constituents and clouds, mostly arrives at the surface (of sea and land) and is absorbed there. In the troposphere, the atmosphere tend to lose energy by radiation alone, but it is compensated by the energy transfer from the surface by means of vertical motion of air (i.e. by convection), and relatively high temperature is maintained. The vertical distribution of temperature in the troposphere is essentially determined as the result of convection.The atmosphere emits terrestrial radiation downward as well as upward. Therefore, terrestrial radiation from the atmosphere arrives at the surface in addition to solar radiation transmitted through the atmosphere. The atmosphere, containing water vapor and carbon dioxide, also absorbs a large part of terrestrial radiation emitted by the surface. The surface air temperature in reality (approximately 287 K) is significantly higher than the temperatu re of the radiation emitted by the earth to space (255 K), because of the effect of the atmosphere absorbing and re-emitting terrestrial radiation. Stratospheric cooling and tropospheric warming are intimately connected, not only through radiative processes, but also through dynamical processes, such as the formation, propagation and absorption of planetary waves. At present not all causes of the observed stratospheric cooling are completely understood.2.   The Earth’s rotational axis is inclined 23.5 degrees from the perpendicular to the plane of the Earth’s orbit. The orientation of the Earth’s axis relative to the Sun and its rays changes continuously as our planet speeds along its orbital path. Twice a year the Earth’s axis is positioned perpendicular to the Sun’s rays, when all places on Earth except the poles experience equal periods of daylight and darkness. These times are the equinoxes, the first days of spring and fall, and they occur o n or about March 21 and September 23, respectively. The Earth’s rotational axis is positioned at the greatest angle from its perpendicular equinox orientation to the Sun’s rays on the solstices – on or about June 21 and December 21.As the Earth orbits the Sun, the inclined axis causes the Northern Hemisphere to tilt towards the Sun for half of the year, i.e. the spring and summer seasons in North America. During this time, more than half of the Northern Hemisphere is in sunlight at any instant of time. During the other half of the year, i.e. the fall and winter seasons in North America, the axis tilts away and less than half of the Northern Hemisphere is in sunlight. The tilting of the Southern Hemisphere relative to the Sun’s rays progresses in opposite fashion, reversing its seasons relative to those in the Northern Hemisphere. The changing orientation of the Earth’s axis to the Sun’s rays determines the length of daylight and the path of the Sun as it passes through the sky at every location on Earth. The continuous change in the angular relationship between the Earth’s axis and the Sun’s rays causes the daily length of daylight to vary throughout the year everywhere on Earth except at the equator.At the equator the daily period of daylight is the same day after day. The changing path of the Sun through the sky produces over the year a cyclical variation in the amounts of solar radiation received that exhibit maximum near the equinoxes and minimum near the solstices. The relatively little variation in the amounts of solar energy received over the year produces seasons quite different from those experienced at higher latitudes. Away from the tropics, the variations in the amounts of solar radiation received over the year increase as latitude increases. The amounts of sunlight received exhibit one minimum and one maximum in their annual swings. The poles have the greatest range since the Sun is in their skies continuously for six months and then below the horizon for the other half year.All seasonal changes are driven by changes in the amount of the Sun’s energy reaching the Earth’s surface (i.e., the amount of insolation). For example, more energy leads to higher temperatures, which results in more evaporation, which produces more rain, which starts plants growing. This sequence describes spring at mid-latitudes. Since visible light is the main form of solar energy reaching Earth, day length is a reasonably accurate way to gauge the level of insolation and has long been used as a way to understand when one season stops and the next one starts.3.   Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. If temperature is measured in Kelvin degrees, then this number is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Heat is a measurement of the total energy in a substance. That total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made up of the potential energies of the molecules. So, temperature is not energy. It is, though, a number that relates to one type of energy possessed by the molecules of a substance.Because adding heat energy usually results in a temperature rise, people often confuse heat and temperature. In common speech, the two terms mean the same: â€Å"I will heat it† means I will add heat; â€Å"I will warm it up† means I will increase the temperature. No one usually bothers to distinguish between these. Adding heat, however, does not always increase the temperature. For instance, when water is boiling, adding heat does not increase its temperature. This happens at the boiling temperature of every substance that can vaporize. At the boiling temperature, adding heat energy converts the liquid into a gas without raising the temperature.When energy is added to a liquid at the boilin g temperature, its converts the liquid into a gas at the same temperature. In this case, the energy added to the liquid goes into breaking the bonds between the liquid molecules without causing the temperature to change. The same thing happens when a solid changes into liquid. For instance, ice and water can exist together at the melting temperature. Adding heat to ice-water slush will convert some of the ice to water without changing the temperature. In general, whenever there is a change of state, such as the solid-liquid or the liquid-gas transition, heat energy can be added without a temperature change. The change of state requires energy; so added energy goes into that instead of increasing the temperature.The Celsius scale has been calibrated to the physical properties of pure water. It illustrates the significance of water as physical matter in all forms. The normal freezing point of water was set as 0  °C and the normal boiling point of water was set at 100  °C.4.   I have picked following atmospheric optical effects to examine and describe.Mirages are optical phenomena produced by refraction of light rays through air layers with large temperature gradients. An inferior mirage (i.e. it appears below its actual position) occurs when the temperature initially decreases rapidly with height. Light rays from the sky moving through the layers will be refracted upward in the less dense air (i.e. bent toward the denser air) giving the appearance of a layer of water. When seen from the ground or water a superior mirage (i.e. it appears above its actual position) occurs when there is a pronounced inversion near the surface, and normally over the sea or a large body of water. A distant object within the inversion layer, even something below the horizon, will appear in the sky above its actual position – possibly totally upside down or the upper portion upside down, but certainly distorted and wavering.A rainbow is the atmospheric optical phenomenon o bserved by solar light’s being reflected and refracted by the round water drops floating in the air. Because the refraction angle varies in the wavelength of the light, rainbow seems divided into seven colors from inside blue to outer red. The observer will see this concentration of reflected light rays as an intensified colored light band. This band consists of the first reflection rays from all the raindrops which lie on the surface of a cone, subtended at the observers eye, with an angular radius of 42 ° from an axis line drawn from the sun (directly behind the observer) through the observer’s head and extended down-sun to the antisolar point i.e. below the horizon where the shadow of the observer’s head might be.The Parhelia. When ice crystals are distributed on some condition in the sky, we can observe the lumps of light like the two suns in both sides of real sun. In case that ice crystals are distributing at random, the refracted light of 22 degrees by the solar light forms the â€Å"22 degrees halo†. But when crystal distributed being their bottom plate paralleling to the ground is superior, only refracted solar light on the right and left of the sun 22 degrees apart reaches observer. These refracted lights are detected as the Parhelia. It sometimes seems that some colors are separated like a rainbow.Circumzenithal arc. Refraction through the edges of plate crystals with nearly horizontal bases may produce a circumzenithal arc which is part of a circle, possibly one third, centered directly above the observer’s head and above the sun, just outside the 46 ° halo position. The halo may also be visible. The circumzenithal arc cannot occur when the sun’s elevation exceeds 32 °.Wave clouds. When air is lofted over a mountain range, it cools, saturates and condenses a windward-side cloud. The air surmounting the summit is just about at saturation, sometimes with respect to ice and at other times with respect to water, depending on the temperature and the height of the mountain barrier. Forcing air up over the overlying atmosphere causes a spring-like rebound and so the air stream downwind from the mountain barrier often undergoes an undulatory wave-like motion. At the crest of such waves, the airmass is supersaturated and a â€Å"wave-cloud† condenses out.

Want and Ambition

1. What spring in to your mind when you hear the word â€Å"ambition†? Whenever I hear the word ambition as if there’s someone beside me and telling to take actions! I have so many ambitions in life that I need to fulfill. These ambitions will help me to strive harder and reach the goal to be a successful one. 2. Are you ambitious? Yes, I am ambitious. Definitely I am, we all need to accept the facts that people meant to be ambitious to take harder or strive to get what we goal in life. Related article: My Aim Is To Become A CollectorPeople who are â€Å"ambitious† are viewed sometimes as either selfish or unrealistic. But still no matter how we look on it, there are no such bad things in having ambition. All we need to do is admit it to ourselves and give ourselves permission to pursue it. 4. Who is the most ambitious person you know? I am ambitious person; I have many ambitions in life that I need to fulfill. I knew inside me that I have many things I want to have or achieve. In family, career and even in fame there are a lot of these ambitions in my life. 5.What were your ambitions when you were a child? When I was small, I was dreaming to become a journalist. Whenever I hear someone reporting on television I will face in front of the mirror and will hold anything and pretend that it’s a microphone and start repeating the message that the reporter stated on the news. Later on I decided that I would like to build a big shop where kids would be able t o find everything they needed so as their dreams would come true. My parents were always smiling at me, charmed by my high ambitions in life.While growing, I started to form more  definite picture of my future  and was almost sure that I want to be a diplomat. 7. What ambition do you have that you think you'll realize and won't realize? 8. Why do you have ambitions? I have my ambition because, having ambition in hard times like things are not going well, will lead me to get myself out of them and find happiness and success. If we have no ambition in our life, we have no drive for anything. Nothing will seem important. 9.What’s the different between ambition and a dream? To dream is without effort as if your only dreaming for an impossible thing to happen while ambition you have to take step by step to reach each of your ambition and take risks to fulfill all of these. 10. What ambition have you held the longest? The ambition I held the longest in real life is to graduate in a diplomat with a degree holder. Wherein I can find a good job to help my parents and provide them own house and live with a happy and contented life. 11.What happens after you have fulfilled all your ambitions? The best is when the source of ambition becomes my desire to reach my big goal or to fulfill my life in purpose. The only thing that will happen after fulfilling my ambition is contentment. 12. What do you think it feels like to fulfill a lifetime ambition? I think it feels like I am the happiest person and will having a peaceful mind. Of course everyone is asking and striving to reach a lifetime ambition. And if that happens to me and in God’s will, I’ll thank him.